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Global challenges like climate change and pandemics require stronger international institutions, not a retreat to national unilateralism.

International law is only effective when powerful states choose to follow it — this structural deficiency requires institutional reform.

The UN Security Council's permanent membership should be reformed to reflect the current distribution of global power and population.

The five permanent members of the UN Security Council should voluntarily commit not to veto resolutions addressing mass atrocities.

Countries in territorial or political disputes should use international courts and arbitration rather than unilateral action.

Broad economic sanctions are rarely effective tools for resolving geopolitical disputes and often harm civilian populations.

Regional security in the Asia-Pacific should be managed primarily through multilateral frameworks rather than bilateral arrangements.

Economic interdependence between major powers reduces but does not eliminate the risk of large-scale armed conflict.

The UN Charter's prohibition on changing borders or political status by force must apply equally to all states.

Active dialogue and diplomacy between the US and China are essential to prevent accidental military escalation in the Asia-Pacific.

All countries should ratify and implement the Pandemic Accord currently being negotiated under WHO auspices.

Universal health coverage is both achievable and necessary at all income levels — the evidence that it improves health outcomes is strong.

Traditional and complementary medicine claims should be subject to the same evidence standards as other medical treatments.

Pandemic preparedness should be funded by a permanent treaty-based international mechanism, not unpredictable discretionary contributions.

Rich countries' vaccine nationalism during COVID caused preventable deaths and must not be repeated in future pandemics.

The WHO needs substantially stronger powers to investigate outbreaks quickly, without member state obstruction.

Vaccine patents should be waived during pandemics so that all countries can manufacture doses without licensing barriers.

International development finance for infrastructure should be coordinated through multilateral development banks rather than bilateral lending arrangements.

International financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank should give substantially more decision-making weight to developing nations.

Over-reliance on any single country for critical supply chains is a systemic economic and security risk that all nations should reduce.