Grande questões: Guerra, intervenção e segurança internacional

Multilateral economic sanctions are rarely sufficient on their own to change the strategic behaviour of authoritarian governments.

Private military companies operating outside international humanitarian law represent a growing and largely unaddressed threat to civilian protection.

Humanitarian military intervention without UN Security Council authorisation is justified when genocide or mass atrocities are actively ongoing and the Council is deadlocked.

Climate change is a threat multiplier for armed conflict and insecurity and should be formally integrated into national security strategies.

Nuclear deterrence remains the primary guarantor of great-power peace, making significant nuclear disarmament strategically premature in current conditions.

Autonomous weapons systems that select and engage targets without meaningful human control should be banned by international treaty.

Liberal democracies should collectively increase defence spending given the demonstrated willingness of authoritarian states to use military force.